Arjuna’s Penance, also known as Descent of the Ganges, is one of the most magnificent rock-cut reliefs in India, located in Mamallapuram (Mahabalipuram), Tamil Nadu. Carved during the 7th century under the Pallava dynasty, this massive open-air bas-relief is celebrated for its artistic detail, scale, and storytelling brilliance.

The sculpture depicts a dramatic scene from Hindu mythology—either Arjuna performing severe penance to obtain the Pashupatastra from Lord Shiva or the descent of the sacred River Ganga from heaven to earth. The panel is filled with intricately carved figures including gods, sages, celestial beings, animals, and mythical creatures, all arranged around a natural rock cleft believed to represent the flow of the Ganges.

Arjuna’s Penance is admired not only for its spiritual significance but also for its realistic portrayal of nature and life. The expressive animals, especially the playful monkeys and majestic elephants, bring the stone to life. As a UNESCO World Heritage Site monument, it stands as a timeless example of Pallava artistry and remains a must-visit attraction for history enthusiasts, art lovers, and cultural travelers.